Wales · WJECQ&A
ChemistryQ&A by dot point
A short Q&A bank for every Wales Chemistry syllabus dot point. Each question and answer is drawn directly from our worked dot-point page, so you can scan key concepts before opening the long-form answer.
Unit 1: The Language of Chemistry, Structure and Physical Chemistry
- Sub-atomic particles, isotopes, mass spectrometry and relative atomic mass, electron configurations in s, p and d sub-shells, and successive ionisation energies.6Q&A pairs
- Ionic, covalent, dative and metallic bonding, electronegativity and polarity, intermolecular forces, and the shapes of simple molecules from electron-pair repulsion.5Q&A pairs
- The mole, Avogadro constant, molar mass, concentration, the ideal gas equation, empirical and molecular formulae, and percentage yield and atom economy.8Q&A pairs
- Oxidation numbers, formulae of ionic and covalent compounds, writing and balancing full, ionic and half equations, and state symbols.8Q&A pairs
- Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, the Bronsted-Lowry model of acids and bases, strong and weak acids, and acid-base titrations.7Q&A pairs
- Giant ionic, giant covalent, simple molecular and metallic structures, and how bonding and structure explain melting point, conductivity, hardness and solubility.7Q&A pairs
- Periodicity of atomic radius, ionisation energy, melting point and electronegativity across Period 3, and trends in Group 2 and Group 7 chemistry.9Q&A pairs
Unit 2: Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds
- Classification and oxidation of alcohols, dehydration and esterification, the reactions of carboxylic acids, and the preparation and hydrolysis of esters.8Q&A pairs
- Nucleophilic substitution and elimination of halogenoalkanes, the effect of carbon-halogen bond strength on rate, and the environmental impact of CFCs on the ozone layer.9Q&A pairs
- Alkanes and alkenes, free-radical substitution, electrophilic addition, Markovnikov addition, addition polymerisation, and combustion.6Q&A pairs
- Functional groups, homologous series, IUPAC nomenclature, structural and displayed formulae, structural and E/Z isomerism, and reaction mechanism notation.7Q&A pairs
- Collision theory, activation energy, the effect of concentration, temperature, surface area and catalysts on rate, and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.8Q&A pairs
- Green chemistry, atom economy and percentage yield, sustainable feedstocks and energy, the carbon footprint of processes, and the social and economic impact of chemical manufacture.5Q&A pairs
- Enthalpy changes, exothermic and endothermic reactions, calorimetry, standard enthalpies of formation and combustion, Hess's law and bond enthalpies.7Q&A pairs
Unit 3: Physical and Inorganic Chemistry
- pH, Ka and pKa, strong and weak acids and bases, the ionic product of water, buffer solutions and pH titration curves.8Q&A pairs
- Rate equations, orders of reaction, the rate constant, half-life, determining orders from data, the rate-determining step and the Arrhenius equation.7Q&A pairs
- Transition metal characteristics, variable oxidation states, complex ions and ligands, coloured ions, catalysis, and ligand substitution.6Q&A pairs
- Trends in Group 3 to Group 7, the inert pair effect, oxides and chlorides of Period 3, oxidising and reducing behaviour, and tests for ions.7Q&A pairs
- Born-Haber cycles and lattice enthalpy, enthalpy of solution, entropy, and Gibbs free energy as the criterion for feasibility.6Q&A pairs
- The equilibrium constants Kc and Kp, writing and evaluating expressions, units, the effect of changing conditions, and the role of a catalyst.7Q&A pairs
- Standard electrode potentials, the standard hydrogen electrode, electrochemical cells, calculating cell EMF, and predicting the feasibility of redox reactions.6Q&A pairs
- Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer and oxidation number, oxidising and reducing agents, redox half equations, and redox titrations.6Q&A pairs
Unit 4: Organic Chemistry and Analysis
- The reactions of alcohols, oxidation and dehydration, the acidity and characteristic reactions of phenols, and tests to distinguish them.7Q&A pairs
- The carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition, reduction and oxidation of aldehydes and ketones, and tests to identify and distinguish them.6Q&A pairs
- The preparation and basicity of amines, the properties of amino acids and zwitterions, peptide bonds, and the formation of polyamides and proteins.7Q&A pairs
- The structure and stability of benzene, the delocalised model, electrophilic substitution reactions, and the reactions of phenol.9Q&A pairs
- Carboxylic acids and their acidity, esters, acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides, and the reactions and interconversions of these derivatives.7Q&A pairs
- Reaction pathways linking functional groups, planning multi-step syntheses, practical techniques of preparation and purification, and assessing purity.8Q&A pairs
- Mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, proton and carbon-13 NMR, and chromatographic separation in structure determination.8Q&A pairs
- E/Z isomerism, optical isomerism and chirality, the rotation of plane-polarised light, racemic mixtures, and the importance of stereochemistry in drugs.7Q&A pairs