WJEC A-Level Geography Changing Landscapes (AS Unit 1) overview quiz quiz

A single isolated sandy beach where windblown sand gradually accumulates over very many years

A largely self-contained stretch of coast, bounded by headlands, within which sediment moves

A store of glacial till deposited directly by a retreating valley glacier

A single destructive wave that erodes away the base of an exposed cliff

Abrasion (corrasion)

Attrition

Hydraulic action

Solution

Stack, arch, cave, stump

Arch, cave, stump, stack

Stump, stack, arch, cave

Cave, arch, stack, stump

The net difference between accumulation and ablation over a year

The total weight of ice held within the upper accumulation zone

The average speed at which a glacier flows downhill under gravity

The amount of rocky debris carried along at the base of the glacier

Abrasion

Plucking

Deposition

Solution

Corrie

Arete

Drumlin

Pyramidal peak

They reflect the incoming destructive waves straight back out to the open sea

They permanently raise the mean sea level along that local stretch of coast

They greatly increase the fetch and so the energy of the incoming waves

They trap sediment moving by longshore drift, starving the next beach

Beach nourishment

Sea wall

Rock armour (riprap)

Gabions

Building ever higher and stronger sea walls to firmly hold the existing line

Letting the sea flood low-value land in a planned, funded way

Extending the existing coastline further seawards through major land reclamation

Simply doing nothing at all and abandoning every coastal defence

It amplifies a disturbance and drives further change

It stops all processes operating

It restores the balance after a disturbance

It removes all sediment from the system

It is neatly arranged and graded by particle size from largest down to smallest

It is well-rounded sediment deposited gently by flowing glacial meltwater

It is made up only ever of very fine clay-sized particles

It is a mix of different-sized angular material dropped directly by melting ice

Fairbourne

Snowdonia

Cardiff Bay

Merthyr Tydfil