Eduqas A-Level Geography Changing Landscapes (Component 1, Section A) overview quiz quiz

A closed system that gains and loses no sediment across its boundaries at all

A single isolated landform that is shaped only by the constant action of breaking waves

An open system within a sediment cell, with inputs, stores, transfers and outputs

A system driven only by sub-aerial weathering and mass movement processes

Freeze-thaw, carbonation, rockfall, biological weathering

Plucking, abrasion, internal deformation, basal sliding

Saltation, suspension, traction, longshore drift

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution

Outputs exceed inputs, so beaches narrow and cliffs are more exposed to erosion

Inputs exceed outputs, so beaches grow wider and the cliffs behind become better protected

Inputs and outputs are equal, so the coast is in equilibrium

There is no sediment movement at all, so the coast stays completely fixed

Stack, arch, cave, crack, stump

Crack, cave, arch, stack, stump

Cave, stump, arch, crack, stack

Arch, crack, stump, cave, stack

A ria is a raised beach left high by uplift; a fjord is a drowned river valley

A ria forms only by falling relative sea level; a fjord forms by rising relative sea level

A ria is a drowned V-shaped river valley; a fjord is a drowned U-shaped glacial trough

There is no real difference between the two submergent landforms at all

Beach nourishment scheme

Dune stabilisation planting

Managed coastal realignment

A sea wall or rock armour

They trap longshore drift, starving the coast downdrift of sediment

They reflect incoming waves straight back out to the open sea, scouring the beach

They raise the local sea level along the defended stretch of coastline

They completely remove all sub-aerial weathering acting on the cliffs

Plucking (input) against abrasion (output) at the glacier bed

Accumulation (input) against ablation (output)

Unsorted till against sorted fluvioglacial outwash deposits

Glacial erosion against glacial deposition over time

It is colder and therefore much harder and more resistant to wear at its base

It contains no entrained rock debris at all to act as the abrasive tools needed against the bedrock beneath it

It has basal meltwater, so it slides over its bed and plucks rock, moving faster and eroding strongly

It only ever moves by slow internal deformation, never by sliding across its bed

A winding esker ridge

A streamlined drumlin

An outwash plain

A corrie (cirque)

Till is unsorted and angular (dumped by ice); outwash is sorted, rounded and stratified (deposited by meltwater)

Till is well sorted and neatly layered by running water; outwash is unsorted and angular, dumped directly by the ice

They are completely identical in texture, sorting and shape, having formed in exactly the same way

Till forms only in periglacial areas well beyond the ice margin, never beneath a glacier itself

There are no human uses of cold environments at all, so there is nothing whatsoever to manage or balance

Cold environments have fragile, slow-recovering ecosystems, so damage from tourism and development is long-lasting

Glaciated landscapes never attract any visitors at all, so tourism pressure on the landscape is simply not an issue

Hydropower is completely impossible in glacial troughs, so there is no resource conflict to resolve there