Knowledge and Doubt: SQA Higher Philosophy epistemology quiz quiz

Belief, truth and justification

Belief, certainty and proof

Truth, evidence and authority

Belief, doubt and reason

Because it is not believed

Because it lacks adequate justification

Because it is not true

Because it is a priori

That nothing exists

That all knowledge comes from reason

That we cannot have certain knowledge, or that our claims to know are not adequately justified

That the senses are always reliable

To prove that nothing can be known

To collect as many beliefs as possible

To rely entirely on the senses

To find a belief that cannot be doubted, as a foundation for knowledge

The evil demon

The dream argument

The argument from illusion

The copy principle

Because the senses confirm it

Because the act of doubting is thinking, and thinking requires a thinker

Because God guarantees it

Because it is a matter of fact

Sense experience

Authority

Reason

Memory

Impressions are true and ideas are false

Impressions are a priori and ideas are a posteriori

Ideas come first and impressions copy them

Impressions are original, lively perceptions; ideas are their fainter copies in thought

Every simple idea is a copy of a corresponding simple impression

Every impression copies an idea

All knowledge is innate

Ideas cannot be traced to experience

Truths and falsehoods

Relations of ideas and matters of fact

Impressions and ideas

A priori and innate ideas

We directly observe a necessary connection between cause and effect

Causation is a relation of ideas known by reason

Our idea of necessary connection comes from constant conjunction and mental habit, not reason

Causes do not exist

It is a single continuing substance we directly perceive

It is proved by the cogito

It is a relation of ideas

It is a bundle of perceptions, with no impression of an enduring self

Descartes uses clear and distinct ideas to prove God, yet relies on God to guarantee clear and distinct ideas

Descartes doubts everything twice

Descartes confuses impressions and ideas

Descartes denies the external world

It denies that the senses exist

It cannot explain knowledge that seems a priori, such as mathematics

It relies on innate ideas

It cannot expose empty concepts

Both are completely correct in every respect

Neither contributes anything to a theory of knowledge

Each is strong where the other is weak, so reason and experience may both be needed

Empiricism explains necessary truths better than rationalism