Human Cells: SQA Higher Human Biology Area 1 quiz quiz

Four genetically varied haploid gametes

Two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

Two haploid cells with half the chromosome number

One large cell with double the chromosome number

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent; tissue stem cells are multipotent

Embryonic stem cells cannot divide; tissue stem cells can divide

Embryonic stem cells are multipotent; tissue stem cells are pluripotent

Tissue stem cells form any cell type; embryonic stem cells form none

Ribosomes, transfer RNA and a supply of free amino acids

RNA polymerase, the base uracil and a single primer only

Template DNA, primers, free DNA nucleotides, DNA polymerase and ATP

Restriction enzyme, ligase and a bacterial plasmid vector

Because no primers are available for the lagging strand at all

Because the lagging strand is built from RNA rather than DNA nucleotides

Because ligase removes whole sections of the strand as they form

Because DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction

Introns are removed and exons are joined to form mature mRNA

Exons are removed and introns are joined to form mature mRNA

Thymine is replaced by uracil throughout the transcript

The transcript is translated at the ribosome without any change

A complementary section of the DNA template strand

A complementary codon on the mRNA at the ribosome

The amino acid that is attached to a neighbouring tRNA

A complementary anticodon on a second tRNA molecule

A silent substitution of one base

A missense substitution of one base

Insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide

A nonsense substitution that adds a stop codon

A section is lost from the chromosome entirely

A section is repeated so its genes appear in extra copies

A section turns through 180 degrees and rejoins in reverse

A section becomes attached to a different, non-homologous chromosome

To use computing and statistics to store, analyse and compare sequence data

To physically remove the introns from a primary RNA transcript

To increase the natural mutation rate of cells under study

To attach a specific amino acid onto a transfer RNA molecule

How genes change the structure of a chromosome during meiosis

How a person's genes affect their response to medicines

How quickly a population's allele frequencies change over time

How enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction

By supplying extra energy directly to the substrate molecules

By raising the activation energy needed to start the reaction

By lowering the activation energy through induced fit at the active site

By permanently binding the product so the reaction cannot reverse

By cooling the reaction far below the optimum temperature

By adding a non-competitive inhibitor at the same time

By removing all of the substrate from the reaction mixture

By increasing the concentration of the substrate

The cytoplasm

The matrix of the mitochondrion

The inner mitochondrial membrane

The nucleus

It is the starting substrate that is broken down in glycolysis

It is the final hydrogen and electron acceptor, forming water

It is converted directly into ATP on the inner membrane

It regenerates NAD by accepting hydrogen during the citric acid cycle

They rely on glycolysis and produce large amounts of lactate

They contain very few mitochondria and little myoglobin

They rely on aerobic respiration, with many mitochondria and myoglobin

They contract far more quickly and powerfully than fast-twitch fibres