Living Environment: SQA Higher Environmental Science Area 1 quiz quiz

Soil pH

Competition for food between two species

Grazing by herbivores on grasses

Predation of voles by owls

Placing fixed quadrats and counting individuals inside them

Laying a single belt transect across the habitat

Capture-mark-recapture using the Lincoln index

Measuring the soil moisture at random points

Random placement guarantees that every species present will be recorded

Random placement removes bias so the sample fairly represents the whole area

Random placement increases the size of each quadrat automatically

Random placement removes the need to repeat the sampling at all

Keystone predator that controls the whole community

Pioneer species in primary succession

Climax community of the river

Indicator species for water quality

Genetic diversity (alleles within a species), species diversity (richness and evenness) and ecosystem diversity (variety of habitats)

Genetic diversity (variety of habitats), species diversity (number of alleles) and ecosystem diversity (number of individuals)

Genetic diversity (number of ecosystems), species diversity (variety of habitats) and ecosystem diversity (alleles within a species)

Genetic diversity (number of species), species diversity (variety of habitats) and ecosystem diversity (range of alleles)

Wood A has higher species diversity because one species dominates

The two woods must have identical species diversity

Wood A has lower species diversity because it has low evenness

Species diversity cannot depend on evenness at all

Greater diversity, with many species spread evenly

Lower diversity, dominated by a single species

That only one species is present in the sample

That the sample size was too small to use

It guarantees that the population will grow larger every year

It makes every individual in the population genetically identical

It increases the number of different species in the ecosystem

It makes it more likely that some individuals have alleles to survive a new threat

The total number of individuals of that species in an area

Its role in the ecosystem and the range of conditions and resources it uses

The physical burrow or nest in which it shelters

The single food item that it eats most often

About 90 percent

About 50 percent

About 10 percent

About 1 percent

Nutrients are returned to the soil and air by decomposers and reused, while energy is lost as heat

Energy is returned to producers and reused, while nutrients are lost as heat

Both energy and nutrients are lost permanently at the top of the food chain

Both energy and nutrients are recycled completely with no losses

Climax community, then pioneer species, then bare rock

Bare rock or soil-free ground, then pioneer species, then later communities, then a climax community

Disturbed soil, then immediate climax community, with no pioneer stage

A stable community that never changes once established

Small patches always contain more species than large ones

Fragmentation increases gene flow between populations

Small isolated patches hold smaller populations with reduced gene flow and higher extinction risk

Fragmentation removes all edge habitat from the ecosystem

It always has more predators than native species do

It usually lacks natural predators or diseases in the new area and outcompetes natives

It can only survive in habitats with no other species present

It increases the genetic diversity of the native species it meets

Setting catch quotas at or below the sustainable yield

Building wildlife corridors between woodlands

Captive breeding of unrelated land mammals

Eradicating an invasive plant on land