DNA and the Genome: SQA Higher Biology Area 1 quiz quiz

They run in exactly the same direction, both going from 5 prime to 3 prime along the molecule

They are held together by strong covalent bonds formed between the paired bases

They run in opposite directions, one 3 prime to 5 prime and the other 5 prime to 3 prime

They are made of ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar

Template DNA, RNA polymerase, the base uracil and ribosomes only

Ribosomes, transfer RNA molecules and a supply of free amino acids

Restriction endonuclease enzyme, ligase enzyme and a bacterial plasmid

Template DNA, primers, free DNA nucleotides, DNA polymerase and ATP

Because DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction, against the antiparallel template

Because there are no primers at all available for the lagging strand, so it must be built in separate short pieces instead

Because the enzyme ligase actively removes whole sections of the strand as quickly as they form

Because the lagging strand is built from RNA nucleotides rather than DNA nucleotides

Exons are removed and introns are joined to form mature mRNA

Introns are removed and exons are joined to form mature mRNA

Uracil is replaced by thymine

The transcript is translated directly without change

On the tRNA molecule, pairing directly with the DNA template strand

On the ribosome itself, pairing with the attached amino acid

On the tRNA, pairing with a complementary codon on the mRNA

On the mRNA molecule, pairing back with the DNA strand

A silent substitution of a single base

A missense substitution of a single base

A nonsense substitution that ends the chain early

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

Disruptive selection

Stabilising selection

Directional selection

Genetic drift

Deliberately increase the natural background mutation rate of an organism living in the wild

Compare base sequences to build phylogenetic trees and estimate evolutionary relationships

Physically remove all of the introns from a primary RNA transcript

Chemically join a specific amino acid onto a transfer RNA molecule

A cell permanently deleting from its genome all of the genes that it does not need

A cell gaining several extra copies of chromosomes as it specialises

A cell expressing only the genes needed for its specialised function

A cell losing its nucleus entirely in order to become specialised

Embryonic stem cells are multipotent; tissue stem cells are pluripotent

Embryonic stem cells cannot divide; tissue stem cells can

Tissue stem cells can form any cell type; embryonic stem cells cannot divide

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent; tissue stem cells are multipotent