OCR A-Level Geography Landscape Systems overview quiz quiz

A closed system that exchanges only energy with its surroundings but never any sediment

An open system exchanging both energy and sediment

An isolated system that exchanges nothing at all, neither energy nor matter, with its surroundings

A static system with no flows of energy or sediment running through it at any point in time

Sediment inputs exceed outputs, so the coast accretes

Inputs and outputs are equal, so nothing changes

Sediment outputs exceed inputs, so the coast erodes

The coast is rising isostatically

Positive feedback

No feedback

Eustatic feedback

Negative feedback

Headlands and bays

Coves and concordant inlets

Spits and tombolos only

Raised beaches

By a fall in relative sea level exposing the coast

By a rise in relative sea level drowning valleys

By longshore drift alone

By tectonic uplift only

The terminal moraine

The snout

The equilibrium line

The firn line of a drumlin

Deflation and abrasion

Hydraulic action and attrition

Solifluction and creep

Plucking and abrasion

Till is unsorted and angular; outwash is sorted and rounded

Till is sorted and rounded; outwash is unsorted and angular

Both are sorted but till is coarser

They are identical

Aeolian deflation, the lowering of the surface as wind removes loose dry material over time

Episodic fluvial flash flooding

Glacial plucking by ice freezing onto and tearing rock away from the bed of the channel

Carbonation weathering, in which slightly acidic rainwater slowly dissolves the bedrock away

The natural existence of a hot desert, which has always been arid for purely climatic reasons

The spread of glaciers into deserts as the climate cools and ice advances across dry land

Land degradation in drylands driven by drought and human pressure

The deposition of loess by wind, building up thick fertile soils at the margins of deserts

They raise the sea level along the whole coast, drowning beaches both up and downdrift

They increase rainfall further along the coast, which then washes the beach material away

They reflect any incoming tsunamis downdrift, focusing the wave energy onto those beaches

They trap longshore drift, starving downdrift beaches that then erode faster

Sea-level rise and stronger storms raise the future cost and failure risk of hard defences

Sea-level rise actually lowers the cost of building and maintaining sea walls over the years

Managed realignment physically stops sea-level rise, so no further coastal defence is needed

Hard engineering creates new salt marsh, which then protects the coast better than realignment