Eduqas A-Level Geography Tectonic Hazards (Component 3, Section A) overview quiz quiz

Constructive (divergent)

Conservative (transform)

Destructive (convergent)

A collision boundary

Constructive (divergent rifting)

Destructive (oceanic subduction)

A mantle hotspot

Conservative (transform)

Because plate movement, and so earthquakes and volcanoes, is concentrated along plate boundaries

Because tectonic hazards actually occur entirely at random and only appear to cluster into narrow belts

Because the floor of the Pacific Ocean sits on no tectonic plates of its own at all

Because mantle hotspots, rather than plate boundaries, only ever occur arranged in long belts

They are simply two different names for exactly the same single measurement of an earthquake's size

Magnitude measures the energy released (moment magnitude scale); intensity measures the shaking and damage felt (Mercalli)

Magnitude measures the shaking and damage that is felt at a place, while intensity instead measures the total energy released at the source

Intensity is always a higher number than magnitude, whatever the distance from the earthquake source

Because it is the direct ground shaking produced at the moment the earthquake first ruptures

Because it always happens shortly before the earthquake rather than after the fault ruptures

Because it is an indirect effect triggered by the earthquake's displacement of the seabed

Because a tsunami causes no real damage to coastal settlements when it eventually reaches land

Risk = hazard + vulnerability + capacity to cope

Risk = magnitude x depth

Risk = hazard / vulnerability

Risk = hazard x vulnerability / capacity to cope

Because Haiti had high vulnerability (poor buildings, dense poverty) and low capacity to cope (weak governance), despite the smaller magnitude

Because Haiti's magnitude 7.0 quake actually released far more seismic energy at its source than the much larger Tohoku magnitude 9.0 event ever did

Because Japan in 2011 had no earthquake early-warning systems, building codes or emergency preparedness of any kind in place

Because the 2011 Tohoku event was not really a tectonic earthquake at all but an unrelated coastal storm surge along the coast

Earthquakes, through reliable short-term warning signs that are detected by monitoring well before rupture

Volcanic eruptions, through warning signs such as seismicity, ground deformation and gas emissions

Neither hazard can be monitored or forecast in any way using current scientific instruments

Both hazards equally, since modern monitoring now gives the same reliable warning for each of them

Prediction, deliberate inaction, rebuilding and then forgetting

Erosion, transport, deposition and subsequent recovery of sediment

Mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery

Hazard, risk, vulnerability and then long-term community resilience

The internal layered structure of the Earth, from the outer crust down to the inner core, drawn in cross-section

The global location of the major plate boundaries and the deep ocean subduction trenches

The magnitude of an individual earthquake plotted against the depth of its focus underground

How a place's quality of life dips during a disaster and recovers at different speeds and to different levels

A location exposed to two or more overlapping natural hazards that can compound or trigger one another

A place that is completely free of natural hazards and therefore carries no tectonic risk at all

A location that is exposed to only one single hazard type, such as earthquakes alone, and nothing else besides

A purpose-built scientific laboratory used only for testing and simulating natural hazards safely

Only because they are physically forced to remain in place by their government and have absolutely no other choice in the matter at all whatsoever

For benefits (fertile volcanic soils, geothermal energy, resources), constraints (poverty, place attachment) and risk perception (rare events, trust in management)

Because in reality no tectonic hazards of any kind ever actually occur in these regions, so the residents face no genuine danger from living there

Because hazard management and modern engineering always completely remove every last trace of the tectonic risk, leaving these places entirely and permanently safe to live in