WJEC A-Level Biology Unit 2 Biodiversity and Physiology of Body Systems overview quiz quiz

Class, phylum, order, family, species, genus

Order, class, phylum, family, genus, species, kingdom

Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Phylum, order, class, family, species, genus

Small surface area, thick impermeable barrier, no ventilation or blood supply at all

Large surface area, long diffusion distance, dry surface and a shallow gradient

Small surface area, thin surface, a steep maintained concentration gradient

Large surface area, short diffusion distance, maintained concentration gradient

Water and blood flow in opposite directions, keeping a diffusion gradient along the whole lamella

Water and blood flow in the same direction, reaching equilibrium partway along so loading then stops

Water flows continuously but the blood in the lamellae stays completely stationary

It removes any need for a large surface area because diffusion is instantaneous

It uses up far less oxygen overall because the blood passes through the heart only a single time

Blood is repressurised by the heart after the lungs, so it reaches the body at high pressure

It removes the need for a heart because the lungs alone pump the blood around the body

It carries only oxygenated blood and never any deoxygenated blood at all

The atrioventricular node

The Purkyne fibres

The sinoatrial node

The bundle of His

Shifts it left, so more oxygen is loaded onto haemoglobin at the respiring tissues

Has no measurable effect on the position or shape of the curve at all

Makes the curve into a perfectly straight diagonal line instead of an S shape

Shifts it right, so more oxygen is unloaded at respiring tissues

By co-transport with sodium ions

By simple diffusion through the bilayer

By osmosis

By bulk flow through the lacteal

Cellulose is chemically toxic to all mammalian gut cells and so cannot be digested

They do not make cellulase, so they rely on gut microbes

Cellulose contains no usable energy value for any animal

Their stomach acid completely destroys cellulose before any digestion can begin

The algae release a toxin into the water that directly poisons and kills the fish

The dissolved fertiliser chemically dissolves the delicate gill lamellae of the fish

Decomposing bacteria use up dissolved oxygen, so fish cannot respire

The water gradually becomes far too acidic for the fish to survive in

Bacteria

Both bacteria and fungi

All pathogens

Viruses

A random mutation produces a resistant allele, which the antibiotic then selects for

The antibiotic itself directly causes the bacteria to mutate and become resistant to it

Bacteria deliberately choose to become resistant once they are exposed to the antibiotic

Resistance is passed only from parent to offspring and never horizontally between cells

Helper T cells

Plasma cells

Phagocytes

Cytotoxic T cells