OCR Gateway GCSE Combined Science A chemistry particles and bonding overview quiz quiz

Because the individual particles in a gas are much larger than the particles in a solid material

Because the particles in a gas are far heavier than the particles found in a solid object

Because a solid is completely empty on the inside and contains no particles at all anywhere between its outer surfaces

Because gas particles are far apart with empty space between them, while solid particles are packed closely together

Sublimation

Condensation

Evaporation

Freezing

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12

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Atoms of completely different elements that happen to share the very same mass number

Atoms of an element that have lost one or more of their outer electrons to form ions

Atoms of the same element with the same protons but different numbers of neutrons

Atoms that have no nucleus at the centre and are made only of electrons

It decreases steadily, because going down the group the outer electron is held more and more tightly

It stays exactly the same all the way down the whole of the group

They gradually become completely unreactive towards the bottom of the group

It increases, because the outer electron is further from the nucleus and lost more easily

Ionic bonding, by transferring electrons to form charged ions

Covalent bonding, by the two atoms sharing pairs of electrons

Metallic bonding, with a sea of shared delocalised electrons

No bonding forms at all between a metal and a non-metal

Because the heat permanently destroys every single one of the ionic bonds inside the whole compound, leaving it broken for good

Because the ions can only move and carry charge when molten or dissolved, not when fixed in the solid lattice

Because solid sodium chloride contains no charged ions of any kind at all within it

Because an electric current can never pass through any solid material whatsoever

Diamond is not made of carbon atoms at all and instead contains a completely different unreactive element that simply cannot carry any electric charge through its rigid structure

Graphite is actually a true metal, which is the only reason it is able to conduct an electric current, whereas diamond is not a metal of any kind whatsoever

In graphite each carbon forms three bonds, leaving one delocalised electron per atom to carry charge; in diamond each carbon forms four bonds with no free electrons

Diamond is really a liquid at room temperature rather than a solid, which is the whole reason it is unable to conduct any electric current through itself at all

Filtration through paper

Crystallisation of the salt

Paper chromatography

Simple distillation

Distance moved by the spot divided by distance moved by the solvent

Distance moved by the solvent divided by distance moved by the spot

Distance moved by the spot multiplied by the distance moved by the solvent

The mass of the spot divided by its volume