Ethics, deviance and violence: sportsmanship and gamesmanship, deviance and the win-at-all-costs culture, drugs in sport, and the causes and control of crowd violence and hooliganism.

A Component 1 ethics question. Two marks for the distinction with examples, two for the win-at-all-costs link.

Sportsmanship is conduct that shows fairness, respect for opponents, officials and the rules, and a generous spirit (kicking the ball out to allow an injured opponent treatment, or applauding an opponent's good play). Gamesmanship is bending the rules or using dubious methods to gain an advantage without actually breaking the rules outright (time-wasting, sledging to unsettle an opponent, feigning injury, or exploiting a loophole). The win-at-all-costs (Lombardian) culture, driven by the high rewards of commercialised sport, encourages gamesmanship because winning brings money, fame and sponsorship, so performers and coaches are tempted to do whatever gains an edge, eroding the value placed on fair play and pushing behaviour toward gamesmanship and even deviance.

A common dropped mark is not giving a genuine example of each; sportsmanship is fair and respectful, gamesmanship bends the rules.

A Component 1 doping question. Markers reward reasons for drug use and a discussion of strategies.

Award marks for reasons: the pressure to win and the huge financial and status rewards of success in commercialised sport; the belief that opponents are doping (so a level playing field requires it); pressure from coaches or a win-at-all-costs culture; the physiological gains (more muscle, more oxygen-carrying capacity, faster recovery); and the perception that detection is unlikely. Strategies to prevent doping: random and out-of-competition testing by anti-doping agencies (WADA); the biological passport (tracking an athlete's blood values over time to detect abnormal changes); severe sanctions (bans, stripping of titles, loss of funding); education programmes on the health risks and ethics; and role models promoting clean sport. A discussion weighs these: testing and the biological passport catch and deter many, and harsh sanctions raise the cost of cheating, but testers are often a step behind new substances and masking agents, and the high rewards keep the incentive strong, so prevention needs a combination of testing, sanctions, education and reducing the win-at-all-costs pressure.

A top answer gives several genuine reasons for doping and discusses multiple strategies, noting that testing alone cannot fully solve it.