Physical EducationQ&A by dot point

The three energy systems (ATP-PC, glycolytic and aerobic), their fuels, sites, yields and by-products, the energy continuum and intensity thresholds, EPOC, recovery and the factors affecting which system predominates.

The structure and function of the heart, cardiac cycle, cardiac output and its regulation, the vascular shunt mechanism, venous return, and the cardiovascular responses and adaptations to exercise and training.

Joint types and the articulating bones, the movement patterns and planes and axes of movement, the agonist, antagonist, fixator and synergist roles, and the types of muscle contraction at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle.

The structure and recruitment of motor units, the all-or-none law, slow and fast twitch muscle fibre types and their characteristics, and the role of proprioceptors in the prevention of injury through PNF stretching.

The mechanics of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange at the alveoli and muscles, the control of ventilation, and the respiratory responses and adaptations to exercise and training.

Newton's three laws of motion applied to sport, the definitions of mass, weight, inertia, momentum, force, net force and centre of mass, and the use of free body diagrams and the impulse-momentum relationship.

The role of the macronutrients and micronutrients, hydration and energy balance, the importance of diet for different performers, and dietary manipulation and supplements such as creatine, sodium bicarbonate, caffeine and glycogen loading.

The factors affecting air resistance and drag, the Bernoulli principle and the production of lift, the Magnus effect on spinning balls, and the techniques used to minimise drag and maximise lift in sport.

The methods of injury prevention through warm-up, cool-down and screening, the types of acute and chronic injuries, and the methods of treating and rehabilitating injuries including the recovery process.

The three classes of lever and their mechanical advantage, the analysis of angular motion including moment of inertia and angular momentum, and the factors affecting the horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion.

The components of fitness and their testing, the principles of training and periodisation, the methods of training (continuous, interval, fartlek, plyometric, HIIT and flexibility), and the physiological adaptations that result.

The types of guidance (visual, verbal, manual and mechanical) and their advantages and disadvantages, and the types and roles of feedback (positive, negative, intrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of results and knowledge of performance).

Information processing models (Whiting's model), the multi-store memory model of short-term sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory, reaction time and Hick's law, and strategies to improve retention and response time.

Theories of learning including operant conditioning, cognitive (insight) learning, Bandura's observational learning, and the use of reinforcement, the principles of effective practice and the development of schema.

The classification of skills on continua (open and closed, gross and fine, self-paced and externally paced, discrete, serial and continuous, low and high organisation, simple and complex), and the types and methods of practice and the transfer of skills.

Fitts and Posner's three stages of learning (cognitive, associative and autonomous), the characteristics of each stage, and the link to feedback, practice and performance plateaus.

The characteristics of pre-industrial and post-industrial popular recreation and rational recreation, the impact of the industrial and agricultural revolutions, the role of public schools and the church, and the development of sport from the late nineteenth century to the post-1950 era.

The factors affecting the emergence of elite performers, the social and cultural factors and barriers to participation for under-represented groups, and strategies to promote equal opportunities in sport.

The relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media (the golden triangle), the positive and negative effects of commercialisation on sport, performers, officials, audiences and sponsors, and the influence of the media on sport.

The relationship between sport and the media, the influence of commercialisation and sponsorship on elite sport, and the positive and negative effects on the performer, the sport, the spectator and the sponsor.

The characteristics, benefits and objectives of the concepts of physical recreation, sport, physical education and outdoor and adventurous activities, and the relationship between them.

The development of elite performers from foundation to elite level, the role of schools, clubs and national institutes of sport, talent identification and development programmes, and the support services for elite performers.

The use of technology in sport for performance analysis and training, for officiating and fair play, and for the spectator experience, and the positive and negative effects of technology on sport.

The types of anxiety (somatic, cognitive, state and trait) and methods of measuring it, the theories of aggression (instinct, frustration-aggression, aggressive cue and social learning), and strategies to control anxiety and aggression.

The theories of personality (trait, social learning and the interactionist approach), the use of personality profiling, and the relationship between personality and participation or performance in sport.

The components and formation of attitudes, methods of changing attitudes including cognitive dissonance and persuasive communication, and the theories of arousal (drive, inverted U and catastrophe) and their effect on performance.

The characteristics and formation of groups and teams (Tuckman's stages), Steiner's model of group productivity, the Ringelmann effect and social loafing, and cohesion (task and social) and its development.

The theories of leadership (trait, social learning and interactionist) and styles of leadership, Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model, the concepts of self-efficacy and confidence (Bandura and Vealey), and stress management techniques.

The types of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic), achievement motivation and the need to achieve and need to avoid failure, attribution theory and learned helplessness, and social facilitation and inhibition.