GeographyQ&A by dot point

The physical and human causes of climate change, the local and global effects of a changing climate, and the management strategies used to reduce it and adapt to it.

The causes, features and impacts of earthquakes, volcanoes and tropical storms, and the methods used to predict, plan for and reduce the effects of these environmental hazards.

The distribution, causes, effects and management of diseases of the developing world such as malaria, cholera and kwashiorkor and diseases of the developed world such as heart disease and cancer, including the role of primary health care.

The causes of the growth of mass tourism, its positive and negative effects on the environment and people, and the strategies - including eco-tourism and sustainable tourism - used to manage it.

The patterns and inequalities of world trade between developed and developing countries, the role of globalisation and multinational companies, and strategies such as fair trade and trade agreements used to reduce the inequalities.

Indicators of development - social, economic and composite measures such as GNP, birth and death rates and literacy - the difference between developed and developing countries, and why a range of indicators gives a more reliable picture than one alone.

How population data is gathered by census and the problems of collecting it in developed and developing countries; the Demographic Transition Model; and the use of population pyramids to show and explain a country's age and sex structure.

The changes in rural land use and farming in a developed country - mechanisation, diversification, organic farming, GM crops and the growth of larger farms - and the impacts of these changes on the landscape, the environment and people.

The impact of modern agricultural developments in a developing country - the Green Revolution, GM crops, irrigation, biofuels and appropriate (intermediate) technology - on the landscape, farming and people.

The land use zones of a city in the developed world; recent urban changes and the problems of housing, traffic and the city centre; and the management strategies used to deal with them.

The causes of rapid urban growth in a city in the developing world; the problems of shanty towns and rapid growth; and the strategies, including self-help schemes and site-and-service schemes, used to manage them.

The formation of coastal features of erosion - headlands and bays, cliffs, caves, arches and stacks - and of deposition - beaches, spits and sand bars - by wave action and longshore drift.

The formation of features in glaciated upland landscapes - corrie, arete, pyramidal peak, U-shaped valley, hanging valley, truncated spur and ribbon lake - by the processes of glacial erosion and deposition.

Land uses in glaciated upland, coastal, river and limestone landscapes - farming, forestry, industry, recreation and tourism, water storage and renewable energy - and the conflicts that arise between them and the solutions adopted to manage them.

The formation of features in upland limestone (karst) landscapes - limestone pavement with clints and grikes, swallow holes, caverns with stalactites and stalagmites, and intermittent drainage - by chemical weathering and solution.

Ordnance Survey map skills - four and six-figure grid references, scale and distance, contours and gradient, recognising landscape features, and using map evidence to judge land use suitability - as examined in the question paper map item.

The formation of river features - V-shaped valley, waterfall, meander, ox-bow lake and levee - by the processes of river erosion, transport and deposition along the long profile.

The effect of latitude, altitude, relief, aspect and distance from the sea on local weather; the five air masses that affect the UK; and the weather associated with depressions and anticyclones, read from a synoptic chart.