HistoryQ&A by dot point

The condition of eighteenth-century jails, the reforming work of John Howard and Elizabeth Fry, the separate and silent systems, Pentonville prison (1842) as a model, and the long debate between reform and punishment in prisons.

The Bloody Code as a system of deterrence by terror, why so many capital offences were added in the eighteenth century, transportation to America and then Australia, the experience of convicts, and why both were abandoned by the mid-nineteenth century.

Crime in an industrialising society, the Bloody Code and its decline, the founding of the Metropolitan Police in 1829, the move from public execution and transportation towards imprisonment, and the influence of reformers such as Peel, Howard and Fry.

Medieval definitions of crime, the role of the Church and the King in the law, community policing through the hue and cry and tithings, trial by ordinary and trial by jury, and the use of fines, corporal and capital punishment.

New crimes of the early modern period (vagabondage, witchcraft, smuggling, heresy), the work of constables, watchmen and thief-takers, the growth of harsher and more public punishment, and the role of religion and fear in shaping the law.

New and changing crimes in the modern period, the use of science and technology in policing, the abolition of the death penalty in 1965, the development of prisons and alternatives to custody, and changing aims of punishment from deterrence towards rehabilitation.

The Paper 2 question types and mark tariffs, how to answer the describe, explain and source questions, how to plan and write the extended judgement, and how to earn the 10 SPaG marks through specialist terminology.

How to use the layout, building materials, design and changes of a site as historical evidence, the value and limits of physical remains, and how to combine physical evidence with written and visual sources.

The meaning of historical significance for a site, how a site connects to the wider history of its period, how and why interpretations of a site differ, and how to evaluate which view is more convincing.

The nature and purpose of the History Around Us site study, the centre-chosen historic site, the focus on physical features and significance, and the structure of Paper 2 including the SPaG marks.

The impact of the war on the home front, rationing and the war economy, the effect of Allied bombing, the move to total war, the changing role of women and workers, and the collapse of the Nazi regime by 1945.

Nazi policies towards young people through the Hitler Youth, the League of German Girls and schools, Nazi policies towards women and the family, the impact on employment and daily life, and how far young people and women supported the regime.

Opposition from the Churches, young people such as the Edelweiss Pirates and the White Rose, opposition from within the army including the July Bomb Plot, the reasons opposition was limited, and how the Nazis dealt with resistance.

Nazi racial ideology, the persecution of Jews from the boycott of 1933 through the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht, the persecution of other groups, the ghettos and the Final Solution, and the responsibility for the Holocaust.

The work of Goebbels and the Ministry of Propaganda, the use of radio, film, rallies and the press, Nazi control of culture and the arts, the role of the Church, and how successfully the Nazis won the loyalty of the German people.

The Nazi consolidation of power in 1933 to 1934, the Reichstag Fire, the Enabling Act and the Night of the Long Knives, the creation of a one-party state, and the role of the SS, Gestapo and concentration camps in controlling Germany.

The economic, cultural and social impact of migration across the whole period, the factors that shaped migrants' experience, change and continuity in attitudes to migration, and how to weigh interpretations of migration's significance.

Early modern migrants including Huguenot refugees, the Dutch, the readmission of the Jews, and the beginnings of a Black presence, the reasons they came, their economic and cultural contribution, and the experience of refuge and prejudice.

Medieval migrants including Jews, Flemish weavers, Italian bankers and Hanseatic merchants, the reasons they came, their contribution to the economy, the experience of welcome and hostility, and the expulsion of the Jews in 1290.

Migration in the age of empire and industry, including Irish, Jewish and Black migrants and people from across the Empire, the role of industrialisation and empire, their contribution to towns and industry, and the experience of poverty and prejudice.

Modern migration including post-war Commonwealth migration and the Windrush generation, refugees, European and other migrants, the role of war, empire and labour shortages, the experience of integration and discrimination, and changing immigration laws.

The growing conflict over land and the buffalo, the broken treaties and reservation policy, key events including the Fort Laramie treaties, Little Bighorn in 1876 and Wounded Knee in 1890, and the reasons the US government defeated the Plains Indians.

The reasons settlers moved west including Manifest Destiny, the experiences of the early pioneers and the Mormons, the gold rushes, the Homestead Act and the building of the railroads, and the challenges of frontier life.

Slavery in the American South, the growing divide between North and South over slavery and its expansion, abolitionism, key events such as the Missouri Compromise and Bleeding Kansas, the 1860 election of Lincoln and the secession of the South.

The course and outcome of the American Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, the reasons for Union victory, the abolition of slavery, the aims and limits of Reconstruction, and the position of African Americans by 1900.

The destruction of the buffalo, the reservation system and forced assimilation, the Dawes Act of 1887, the role of the railroads and the army, the suppression of Native culture, and the position of the Plains Indians by 1900.

The way of life of the Plains Indians, their dependence on the buffalo, their social and tribal organisation, their beliefs and attitudes to land and war, and how their culture was adapted to survival on the Great Plains.

The structure of late Anglo-Saxon society and government, the power of the king and earls, the role of the Church, the economy and towns, and the strengths and weaknesses of England that shaped the events of 1066.

Rebellions against Norman rule, the building of castles, the Harrying of the North in 1069 to 1070, the use of land and the redistribution of estates, and the means by which William secured his conquest.

The feudal system of land in return for service, the roles of barons, knights and villeins, the changes to government and law under William, the position of the king, and how far Norman rule changed or continued Anglo-Saxon ways.

Norman reform of the English Church under Lanfranc, the building of cathedrals, the relationship between Church and king, the making and purpose of the Domesday Book in 1086, and what it shows about Norman control of England.

The death of Edward the Confessor and the rival claims of Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy and Harald Hardrada, the battles of Gate Fulford and Stamford Bridge, the Battle of Hastings, and the reasons for William's victory.