GeographyQ&A by dot point

How physical and human processes interact in coastal and river landscapes; the costs and benefits of hard and soft engineering to manage coastal erosion and river flooding; and the conflicts between stakeholders over land use and protection.

Wave types and the coastal processes of erosion, transport and deposition; the formation of erosional landforms (headlands and bays, caves, arches, stacks, wave-cut platforms) and depositional landforms (beaches, spits, bars); and a UK coastal landscape case study.

The geomorphic processes that shape landscapes: weathering (mechanical, chemical and biological) and mass movement; and the processes of erosion, transport and deposition by rivers and the sea.

The river long profile and how processes change downstream; the formation of erosional landforms (waterfalls, gorges, interlocking spurs) and landforms of erosion and deposition (meanders, ox-bow lakes, floodplains, levees); and a UK river landscape case study.

What a landscape is; the characteristics and distribution of upland and lowland landscapes in the UK; and how geology, climate and human activity combine to make UK landscapes distinctive.

Cartographic skills using OS maps (grid references, scale, distance, direction, contours and relief) and thematic maps (choropleth, isoline, proportional symbols); and graphical skills for constructing and interpreting graphs.

The fieldwork enquiry process applied to one physical and one human investigation in contrasting environments: forming a question or hypothesis, sampling and data collection, presentation and analysis, conclusions, and evaluation of the methods.

The Geographical Exploration paper: applying geographical skills to a resource booklet on an unfamiliar place or issue, and working through a staged enquiry to a justified decision-making exercise that weighs options and reaches a reasoned conclusion.

Numerical and statistical skills: calculating and interpreting measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of spread (range, interquartile range), percentages and percentage change, and describing relationships in data including the line of best fit.

The evidence for climate change in the Quaternary period; the natural causes (orbital cycles, sunspots, volcanic activity) and the human enhanced greenhouse effect; the impacts of climate change; and how it can be managed through mitigation and adaptation.

The structure of the atmosphere and the three-cell global circulation model; how pressure belts and surface winds create the global distribution of arid and humid zones; and how circulation links to extreme weather such as drought.

Why people continue to live in hazardous places; and how the four management approaches of prediction, protection, planning and preparation reduce the impacts of tectonic and weather hazards, including the role of technology and monitoring.

The structure of the Earth and the three plate boundaries; the processes of slab pull and ridge push that move plates; and the contrasting primary and secondary impacts of, and responses to, a tectonic event in an AC and an LIDC.

The characteristics, formation and global distribution of tropical storms; their primary and secondary impacts in a named example; and immediate and long-term responses, including how development affects vulnerability.

The structure of ecosystems (producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains and webs, nutrient cycling); and the global distribution of the major biomes, including tropical rainforest and polar, and the climatic conditions that create them.

The climate, soils and ecosystem of polar and tundra environments; plant and animal adaptations; the opportunities and challenges for human activity; and the threats, including climate change, and sustainable management.

Why ecosystems matter (goods and services) and why they are under threat; and how local and global strategies, including protected areas, international agreements and balancing development with conservation, can manage biomes sustainably.

The climate, soils, structure, biodiversity and nutrient cycling of the tropical rainforest; plant and animal adaptations; the causes and impacts of deforestation; and sustainable management at different scales.

The global food system, including how food is produced, traded and consumed; the causes and consequences of food insecurity; and the factors that will affect whether the world can feed a growing population.

The global distribution of food, water and energy and the concept of resource security and insecurity; the ecological footprint as a measure of demand; and how rising population and economic development increase resource consumption.

Strategies to increase food security, contrasting large-scale intensive agriculture (agribusiness) with sustainable approaches such as permaculture and local food; and a national case study of an attempt to achieve food security.

The shift from a manufacturing to a post-industrial, service and knowledge economy; the growth of economic hubs and science parks; the causes of regional economic inequality; and the role of globalisation and technology.

The UK's political and cultural influence through international organisations, the Commonwealth and trade; its global cultural influence through media, language and sport; and how these links are changing in the 21st century.

How the UK's population structure is changing, including the causes and impacts of an ageing population; and the patterns and impacts of internal and international migration and ethnic diversity, interpreted using population pyramids and census data.

A case study of one LIDC: its context, recent development and barriers; progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals; and strategies to reduce the development gap, including aid, debt relief, trade and investment, evaluated as top-down or bottom-up.

A case study of a city in an LIDC or EDC: its context and growth; the social, economic and environmental consequences of rapid urbanisation, including squatter settlements and the informal economy; and top-down and bottom-up strategies to manage the challenges.

What development means and why it is hard to define; the economic, social and combined measures of development (GNI per capita, HDI, the Gender Inequality Index); and the limitations of single indicators.

What makes a city sustainable; the challenges and opportunities for a city in an AC; and strategies for sustainable urban living, including transport, housing, energy, water and waste, that improve quality of life while reducing environmental impact.

The physical, historical, economic and political causes of uneven development; the consequences for people and the environment; and contrasting theories of development, including Rostow's model and dependency theory.

Global patterns and rates of urbanisation; the difference between megacities and world cities and their distribution; and the causes of urbanisation, including rural-to-urban migration (push and pull factors) and natural increase.