Citizenship StudiesQ&A by dot point

The methods of advocacy and campaigning, including petitions, lobbying, demonstrations, using the media and social media, working with pressure groups, the difference between advocacy and direct action, and what makes a campaign effective.

How to evaluate citizenship action against its aims, measuring impact and success, judging what went well and what could be improved, the difference between the action and its outcome, and reflecting on the skills and learning gained.

How to plan citizenship action, setting clear and realistic aims, choosing appropriate methods, working with others and assigning roles, identifying who can influence the issue, and anticipating risks and obstacles.

How to choose a citizenship issue, the difference between primary and secondary research, how to use sources critically and check their reliability, gathering different viewpoints, and forming an aim for your action.

How to carry out citizenship action, working collaboratively and solving problems as they arise, communicating with others and decision-makers, keeping a record and evidence of what was done, and reflecting on your own contribution and the teamwork.

The meaning of active citizenship, the Citizenship Action requirement in OCR J270, the difference between advocacy and direct action, examples of how citizens take action, and why active citizenship matters in a democracy.

The ways citizens can participate in democracy beyond voting, including standing for office, joining parties and pressure groups, petitions, campaigning, lobbying and the role of trade unions, and the factors that affect how much people participate.

The meaning of devolution, the powers of the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd and the Northern Ireland Assembly, the role of local government and councils, the services councils provide, and the difference between reserved and devolved powers.

Who can vote and how elections work, the first-past-the-post system used for general elections and its advantages and disadvantages, other voting systems used in the UK, the role of political parties, and the importance of voting and turnout.

The structure of Parliament (the House of Commons and the House of Lords), the difference between Parliament and government, the roles of MPs, peers and the Prime Minister, how laws are made, and how Parliament holds the government to account.

How the government raises money through taxation, the main types of tax, how the Budget and public spending work, where public money is spent, and the debates over how much should be taxed and spent.

The meaning of a constitution, why the UK constitution is described as uncodified, its main sources, the difference between democracy and other systems, and the principles of parliamentary sovereignty and the separation of powers.

The role of the monarch as head of state in a constitutional monarchy, the role of the executive (the Prime Minister, Cabinet and the civil service) as head of government, the difference between head of state and head of government, and how executive power is limited.

The distinction between criminal and civil law, who brings each type of case, the courts and standard of proof involved, the outcomes such as punishment or compensation, and how a single event can lead to both.

The meaning of human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998, how rights are protected and enforced in the UK, and how citizens and groups campaign to defend rights.

The meaning of rights and responsibilities, the difference between legal, human and moral rights, how rights can conflict and need balancing, and how rights and responsibilities are linked in a diverse society.

The sources of law in England and Wales (legislation, common law and precedent), how law is made and changed, and key legal principles such as the rule of law, equality before the law, the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial.

The structure of the courts in England and Wales, the roles of the police, judges, magistrates, juries and lawyers, how criminal and civil cases progress, and the aims of sentencing and punishment.

Tribunals and other forms of dispute resolution such as mediation and arbitration, legal aid and access to justice, the role of advice services, and the barriers that can stop people getting justice.

The age of criminal responsibility, how the youth justice system differs from the adult system, youth courts and youth offending teams, the range of sentences for young people, and the emphasis on prevention and rehabilitation.

Sources of income, the difference between gross and net pay, income tax and National Insurance, budgeting and managing personal finances, saving, borrowing and debt, and the rights and responsibilities of consumers.

How the UK is connected to politics beyond its borders, the role of international and intergovernmental organisations, how decisions made elsewhere affect UK citizens, the UK's departure from the European Union, and how citizens can engage with global political issues.

What the economy is, the role of businesses, workers and consumers, how the government manages the economy through tax, spending and borrowing, the meaning of the national debt and the deficit, and the impact of economic decisions on citizens.

The role of the media and a free press in a democracy, how the media holds power to account and informs citizens, the regulation of the media, bias, misinformation and fake news, and the impact of social media on democracy.

The main global issues such as conflict, climate change and poverty, how international disputes and conflicts can be resolved through diplomacy, sanctions and intervention, the role of international organisations and law, and how individuals can act on global issues.

The meaning of identity and diversity, the multiple identities people hold, what makes the UK a multicultural and diverse society, shared values such as democracy and the rule of law, and the benefits and challenges of living in a diverse society.

The meaning of migration, immigration and emigration, why people migrate, how migration has shaped the UK population, the difference between migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, and the debates over the impact of migration.

The meaning of prejudice and discrimination, the protected characteristics under the Equality Act 2010, how the law tackles discrimination, the role of mutual respect and tolerance, and how individuals and organisations can promote equality.

The role of the main international organisations the UK belongs to, including the United Nations, NATO, the Commonwealth and the World Trade Organization, what each does, and how membership benefits and constrains the UK.

The UK's relations with the wider world through trade, foreign aid and international development, its role and influence in global affairs, the responsibilities that come with being a wealthy country, and the debates over how the UK should act in the world.