The crimes and punishments of the industrial age, the Bloody Code and transportation and why they were abolished, the founding of the Metropolitan Police in 1829, and the rise of the prison and the work of reformers such as Howard and Fry.

The thematic-study describe question (4 marks, AO1). Reward two distinct, developed features, each with one supporting detail.

Feature one. By 1800 the Bloody Code listed over 200 crimes punishable by death, including minor thefts, on the belief that the threat of public execution would deter people from crime.

Feature two. It was often not enforced: juries frequently refused to convict, or undervalued stolen goods (so-called "pious perjury"), because they felt death was too harsh for minor crimes, which helped lead to the Code's abolition.

Top marks. Two distinct features, each developed with precise detail.

The thematic-study "explain why" question (8 marks, AO1 and AO2). Reward a developed analysis of two or three reasons, each with precise support.

Reason one. Industrialisation and the growth of cities had made the old amateur system (parish constables and the watch) hopelessly inadequate for large, crowded towns where crime was rising and harder to control.

Reason two. Fear of crime and disorder among the propertied classes (including riots and protest) created demand for a professional, organised force to keep order and protect property.

Reason three. Reformers, above all Home Secretary Robert Peel, argued that a paid, uniformed, preventative police force would deter crime more effectively and humanely than the terror of the Bloody Code.

Top band. Connect each reason explicitly to the founding of the police, and finish with the most important factor.