The key philosophical differences between the major political parties standing in UK general elections, and how candidates are selected to stand for a constituency.

What this dot point is asking

Edexcel wants you to understand the broad philosophical differences between the major political parties that stand in UK general elections, and how candidates are selected to stand in a constituency. This Theme B topic (Paper 1 Section B) is tested through "Explain" and "Describe" tasks on what divides the parties and on the selection of candidates. The examiner rewards a neutral, accurate account of broad differences (such as views on the role of the state, tax and spending) rather than party slogans, and a clear description of how parties choose candidates and how someone can stand independently. Staying politically neutral is essential.

What political parties are

Parties are central to representative democracy. They develop policies, set out a programme in a manifesto, campaign at elections and provide voters with a clear choice between different visions for the country. The party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons normally forms the government, while others form the opposition or work with the government. Because the GCSE is examined neutrally, you should describe what parties broadly stand for without arguing that any one is right. Edexcel's focus is on the philosophical differences between parties, not on detailed current policy, which changes over time.

Broad philosophical differences

The clearest dividing line is how far the government should be involved in the economy and society. Centre-left parties tend to argue that government should do more to reduce inequality and provide public services, accepting higher taxes to fund them. Centre-right parties tend to argue that lower taxes, free enterprise and individual responsibility produce prosperity, and that the state should be smaller. Other differences run across this, including attitudes to the environment, to the constitution and devolution, and to the UK's role in the world. Some parties are organised around a single cause, such as protecting the environment, and others around the interests of a particular nation of the UK. Describing one or two broad, neutral differences is what the exam rewards.

How candidates are selected

Selection is an internal party process: in each constituency, local party members usually pick the person who will represent the party, often choosing from a shortlist drawn up by the party. This gives ordinary members a say in who stands. Someone who does not belong to a party can stand as an independent candidate, representing only themselves and their own views. To get on the ballot paper, any candidate must meet legal requirements, including being nominated by a small number of local electors and usually paying a deposit, which is returned if they win enough votes. Understanding selection helps explain how the choices on the ballot paper come about, and how citizens can themselves take part by joining a party or standing for election.