Combined ScienceQ&A by dot point

Photosynthesis as an endothermic reaction, the factors limiting its rate, the uses of glucose, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the difference between the two, and how the body responds to exercise.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, sub-cellular structures, cell specialisation and differentiation, microscopy and magnification, chromosomes and the cell cycle (mitosis), stem cells, and transport by diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

Communities and competition, abiotic and biotic factors, adaptations, levels of organisation and feeding relationships, the carbon and water cycles, biodiversity and the human impact on ecosystems including pollution, land use and climate change.

Homeostasis and control systems, the nervous system and reflexes, the structure and function of the brain and eye (separate sciences), hormonal coordination by the endocrine system, the control of blood glucose, and human reproduction hormones.

Communicable diseases caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists); examples in plants and animals; the human defence systems; vaccination, antibiotics and painkillers; and the discovery and development of drugs.

Sexual and asexual reproduction, meiosis, DNA and the genome, genetic inheritance and inherited disorders, variation and mutation, evolution by natural selection, selective breeding, genetic engineering, and evidence for evolution including fossils and extinction.

Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems; enzymes and the digestive system; the heart, blood vessels and blood; coronary heart disease and health; and transport in plants by the xylem and phloem with transpiration.

The evolution of the atmosphere and the present composition, greenhouse gases and climate change, atmospheric pollutants from fuels, and using the Earth's resources sustainably including potable water and recycling.

Atoms, elements and compounds, the development of the atomic model, the structure of the atom and electronic structure, isotopes and relative atomic mass, the periodic table and its development, and the properties of metals, non-metals, Group 1, Group 7 and Group 0.

The three types of bonding (ionic, covalent and metallic), how to represent them, the states of matter and changes of state, and how the structures of ionic compounds, small molecules, giant covalent structures, polymers and metals explain their properties.

Pure substances and formulations, chromatography and the Rf value, and the tests for common gases (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and chlorine).

The reactivity series and metal extraction, the reactions of acids with metals, bases and carbonates, neutralisation and the pH scale, making soluble salts, and electrolysis of molten compounds and aqueous solutions.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions and their everyday uses, reaction profiles and activation energy, and the energy changes involved in breaking and making bonds.

Crude oil, hydrocarbons and the alkanes, fractional distillation and the uses of fractions, the properties of hydrocarbons and combustion, and cracking to produce alkenes and more useful products.

Conservation of mass and balanced equations, relative formula mass, the mole and Avogadro's number, calculating amounts and masses in reactions, limiting reactants, and concentration of solutions.

Calculating and measuring rate of reaction, the factors affecting rate and collision theory, the action of catalysts, and reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium including Le Chatelier's principle.

The structure of the atom and the development of the nuclear model, isotopes, the types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta and gamma), radioactive decay and nuclear equations, half-life, and the dangers and uses of radiation.

Standard circuit symbols, current, potential difference and resistance, the I-V characteristics of components, series and parallel circuits, mains electricity and the three-pin plug, and electrical power and energy.

Energy stores and systems, calculating kinetic, gravitational and elastic energy, the conservation and dissipation of energy, efficiency and reducing unwanted transfers, and national and global energy resources.

Scalar and vector quantities, contact and non-contact forces, weight and resultant forces, work done, forces and elasticity, distance, speed and acceleration, Newton's laws of motion, and stopping distances.

Permanent and induced magnets and magnetic fields, the magnetic effect of a current and solenoids, electromagnets, and the motor effect including Fleming's left-hand rule.

The particle model and density of materials, the changes of state and internal energy, specific heat capacity and specific latent heat, and the effect of temperature on the pressure of a gas.

Transverse and longitudinal waves, the wave equation and wave properties, the reflection of waves, the electromagnetic spectrum and its properties, and the uses and dangers of electromagnetic waves.