CCEA A-Level Biology Physiology, Coordination and Control overview quiz quiz

A change is detected and effectors act to reverse it back to the set point

A change is amplified so the factor is driven progressively further from its original set point

The internal environment is permitted to drift without any correction toward a set point

Hormones are switched off permanently so no effectors can respond to change

The collecting duct, where final water reabsorption occurs

The glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule

The loop of Henle, where the salt gradient is set up

The renal vein carrying filtered blood away

Makes the collecting duct less permeable so that less water is reabsorbed

Stops the kidney filtering blood at the glomerulus altogether

Makes the collecting duct more permeable so more water is reabsorbed

Increases urine volume by reducing water reabsorption

The continuous release of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft

The opening of all voltage-gated sodium channels along the axon

The myelin sheath alone, acting as an insulating layer

The sodium-potassium pump and greater permeability to potassium

Sodium ions

Potassium ions

Calcium ions

Chloride ions

Noradrenaline released at adrenergic synapses

Acetylcholine

Insulin from the pancreas

Dopamine

Breaks stored glycogen down into glucose and releases it back into the bloodstream

Raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of liver glycogen

Promotes glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen, lowering blood glucose

Has no measurable effect on the concentration of blood glucose

Body cells respond poorly to insulin despite normal secretion

Too much glucagon being released from the alpha cells

Excess storage of glycogen within the liver and muscles

A lack of insulin production by the beta cells

ATP, reduced NADP and oxygen

Glucose and water from the Calvin cycle

Carbon dioxide and oxygen from decarboxylation

Lactate and ethanol from anaerobic pathways

The cytoplasm

The mitochondrial matrix

The inner mitochondrial membrane

The nucleus

It moves to the lit side and inhibits cell elongation there, slowing growth

It is destroyed by light, so no growth response can occur at all

It moves to the shaded side and promotes cell elongation there

It causes the shoot to grow away from the light source instead

Hormonal control is faster to act and far shorter-lived than nervous control

Hormonal control uses electrical impulses passed along nerve fibres

Hormonal control targets only one single cell at the end of a neurone

Hormonal control is slower to start, longer-lasting and more widespread