Quick questions on Comparative theories: rational, cultural and structural approaches - Edexcel A-Level Politics Component 3 (USA)

The rational approach focuses on individuals within a political system and assumes they act rationally, choosing the course of action that gives them the most beneficial outcome. It explains behaviour as self-interested calculation: a member of Congress votes to secure re-election, a president acts to protect their legacy, and a voter chooses the candidate who best serves their interests. It explains differences by pointing to the different incentives actors face in each country.

The cultural approach focuses on groups (voters, parties, pressure groups) and argues that their shared ideas, beliefs and values determine the actions of individuals within them. It explains the distinctive political cultures of the two countries: the US attachment to individualism, liberty and reverence for the Constitution, versus a UK tradition shaped by class, deference and pragmatism. Differences in behaviour follow from differences in culture.

The structural approach focuses on the institutions of a political system and the processes within them, arguing that political outcomes are largely determined by the formal rules and structures laid out in the system. It explains differences by pointing to institutional design: the US codified, entrenched constitution with its separation of powers and federalism disperses power and produces gridlock, while the UK's uncodified constitution with a fused executive and legislature concentrates power and produces stronger, faster government.

Examine how the cultural approach explains differences between US and UK political behaviour. [12 marks]

Examine the strengths of the structural approach in comparing the UK and USA. [12 marks]