Edexcel A-Level Geography Physical Systems and Sustainability overview quiz quiz

Precipitation = evapotranspiration - runoff + change in storage + interception

Runoff = precipitation + groundwater recharge + transpiration losses

Evapotranspiration = precipitation + runoff + change in storage

Precipitation = evapotranspiration + runoff + change in storage

Because the total amount of water is fixed and only redistributed between stores

Because new water is constantly being added to the cycle from space by comets and meteorites

Because no water ever moves between the different stores once it has arrived in them

Because the water cycle only ever operates within individual drainage basins

They are the same thing; physical and economic scarcity are simply two different names for one identical kind of water shortage

Physical scarcity is too little water; economic scarcity is water present but unaffordable or inaccessible

Physical scarcity only ever affects rich, developed countries

Economic scarcity means that there is no rainfall at all in the region

The atmosphere and lower stratosphere combined

Living biomass in forests and grasslands

Sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels

The surface waters of the ocean

The fast cycle stores carbon in rocks over millions of years, while the slow cycle moves carbon through living things and the surface ocean over years to centuries, the exact reverse

They operate over completely identical timescales as one another

The slow cycle only ever involves the atmosphere and never the rocks

The fast cycle moves carbon through living things and the surface ocean over years to centuries; the slow cycle locks carbon in rocks over millions of years

Reliable, affordable and uninterrupted availability of energy from secure, diverse sources

Owning the largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world, whatever the cost of extraction

Using only renewable energy sources and abandoning all fossil fuels entirely

Keeping the price that consumers pay for energy completely secret

A type of power station that converts a primary fuel into electricity for the national grid network

The route by which energy moves from producer to consumer, such as pipelines, tankers and grids

A government tax levied on energy use

A renewable source of energy such as wind

Natural variation in the output of the Sun acting on its own, with no human contribution at all

Volcanic eruptions alone releasing ash and gases into the atmosphere

The enhanced greenhouse effect from human emissions of carbon dioxide and methane

Changes in the Earth's orbit over the last century

Melting ice somehow reflects more sunlight back to space, which cools the Earth and slows any further warming down

The growth of fresh ice absorbs heat from the atmosphere and warms the planet

Albedo has no measurable effect on the temperature of the surface at all

Warming melts reflective ice, exposing darker surfaces that absorb more heat and cause further warming

Mitigation reduces emissions to tackle the cause; adaptation adjusts to cope with the consequences

Mitigation adjusts to cope with the impacts of warming, whereas adaptation cuts greenhouse-gas emissions, the reverse

They mean exactly the same thing and can be used interchangeably

Adaptation only ever applies to the oceans and coastal zones

Because rivers cannot physically cross international borders, so no two countries are ever forced to share the same river at all

Because upstream abstraction or dams reduce downstream flow, so countries compete over a finite shared resource

Because river water is never used for farming or irrigation

Because all countries happen to have identical water supplies