England · AQAQ&A
Legal StudiesQ&A by dot point
A short Q&A bank for every England Legal Studies syllabus dot point. Each question and answer is drawn directly from our worked dot-point page, so you can scan key concepts before opening the long-form answer.
3.2 Criminal law
- Actus reus and mens rea: conduct, consequence and circumstance, omissions, causation, intention and recklessness, transferred malice, and the coincidence of actus reus and mens rea.0Q&A pairs
- General defences in criminal law: insanity, automatism, intoxication, self-defence and prevention of crime, consent, duress and necessity.0Q&A pairs
- Fatal offences: the actus reus and mens rea of murder, the partial defences of loss of control and diminished responsibility, and voluntary and involuntary manslaughter.0Q&A pairs
- Non-fatal offences against the person: assault, battery, assault occasioning actual bodily harm, and malicious wounding or inflicting grievous bodily harm under sections 47, 20 and 18.0Q&A pairs
- Property offences: the elements of theft under the Theft Act 1968 (appropriation, property, belonging to another, dishonesty and intention to permanently deprive) and robbery.0Q&A pairs
- Rules and theory of criminal law: the purposes of criminal law, the relationship between criminal law and morality and justice, fault, and the harm principle.0Q&A pairs
3.4 The nature of law and human rights, or contract
- Discharge of contract: discharge by performance, by agreement, by breach (actual and anticipatory), and by frustration, with the relevant rules and authorities.0Q&A pairs
- Formation of contract: offer and acceptance, the rules on invitations to treat and the postal rule, consideration, and the intention to create legal relations.0Q&A pairs
- Remedies in contract: the aims and assessment of damages, causation and remoteness, the duty to mitigate, and the equitable remedies of specific performance and injunction.0Q&A pairs
- Rules and theory of contract: the nature and purpose of contract law, freedom of contract, the relationship between contract and fairness, and the role of consumer protection.0Q&A pairs
- Terms of a contract: express and implied terms, the classification of terms as conditions, warranties and innominate terms, exclusion clauses, and statutory implied terms under the Consumer Rights Act 2015.0Q&A pairs
- Vitiating factors: misrepresentation (innocent, negligent and fraudulent), and economic duress, and their effect on the validity of a contract.0Q&A pairs
3.1 The nature of law and the English legal system
- Access to justice and funding: the meaning of access to justice, sources of legal advice, public funding and legal aid since LASPO, and private and conditional fee funding.0Q&A pairs
- Delegated legislation: orders in council, statutory instruments and by-laws, the reasons for delegation, and parliamentary and judicial controls including judicial review.0Q&A pairs
- Judicial precedent: stare decisis, ratio decidendi and obiter dicta, the hierarchy of the courts, binding and persuasive precedent, and the ways judges can avoid precedent.0Q&A pairs
- Parliamentary law making: the legislative process through Commons, Lords and Royal Assent, the influences on Parliament, and the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy.0Q&A pairs
- Statutory interpretation: the literal, golden and mischief rules, the purposive approach, the rules of language, and intrinsic and extrinsic aids to interpretation.0Q&A pairs
- The civil courts and alternative dispute resolution: the civil court structure and the track system, appeals, and the forms, advantages and disadvantages of negotiation, mediation, conciliation and arbitration.0Q&A pairs
- The criminal courts and lay people: the classification of offences, the criminal court structure and appeals, and the role, selection and evaluation of magistrates and juries.0Q&A pairs
- The legal profession and judiciary: the role and training of solicitors and barristers, the different types of judge, judicial appointment, and judicial independence.0Q&A pairs
- The nature of law: the distinctions between criminal and civil law, between law and morality, and between law and justice, and the function of law in society.0Q&A pairs
3.3 Tort
- Defences and remedies in tort: the defences of contributory negligence and consent (volenti non fit injuria), and the remedies of compensatory damages and injunctions.0Q&A pairs
- Negligence: the duty of care and the Caparo test, breach of duty and the standard of care, causation and remoteness of damage, and the rules on pure economic loss and psychiatric injury.0Q&A pairs
- Private nuisance and the rule in Rylands v Fletcher: the elements of private nuisance, relevant factors, the strict liability rule in Rylands v Fletcher, and the available defences.0Q&A pairs
- Occupiers' liability: the duty owed to lawful visitors under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 and the duty owed to trespassers under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1984.0Q&A pairs
- Rules and theory of tort: the nature and purpose of tort law, the relationship between tort and fault, the aims of compensation and deterrence, and policy considerations.0Q&A pairs
- Vicarious liability: the requirement of a relationship of employment or one akin to it, the requirement that the tort be committed in the course of employment, and the justifications for the doctrine.0Q&A pairs