Language, gender, power and the individual (AQA A-Level English Language) quiz

The difference model

The dominance model

The deficit model

The accommodation model

The deficit model

The difference model

The functional model

The dominance model

Rapport talk

Institutional talk

Synthetic talk

Telegraphic talk

Robin Lakoff (deficit)

Deborah Cameron

Otto Jespersen

Peter Trudgill

Instrumental is the power to persuade an audience, while influential is authority enforced through a formal role

They are simply two different labels for exactly the same kind of power held by a speaker

Instrumental is enforced authority by role; influential is the power to persuade

Instrumental power only ever applies to written texts, while influential power applies only to speech

Howard Giles (accommodation)

Lesley Milroy

John Swales

Norman Fairclough

Mass texts addressing a wide audience as if each reader were an individual

Two speakers gradually converging their accents and vocabulary towards one another to build rapport

The slow loss of grammatical inflections from a language over many centuries of natural change

A young child over-applying a regular grammar rule, such as saying goed in place of went

Divergence

Convergence

Code-switching

Pejoration

Spread Standard English rapidly through every member of the local community

Wipe out regional accents within a single generation of speakers

Preserve non-standard local forms strongly

Trigger entirely random and unpredictable change across the whole variety

They are two completely identical processes that linguists have simply given two separate names to over the years

Code-switching only ever happens in written texts, whereas style-shifting only ever happens in speech

Code-switching is a feature found exclusively in the language of young children acquiring speech

Code-switching moves between languages or varieties; style-shifting adjusts formality within a variety